Flexibility evaluation and index analysis of distributed generation planning for grid-source coordination

Electric energy has a critical impact on the consumer’s life, which is mostly based on centralized generation at present. However, the centralized generation has caused high power transmission and distribution losses. Meanwhile, the high combustion cost of fossil fuels and the environmental pollution caused by the greenhouse effect has become the problems that have to face. Reasonable planning sizing and location of distributed generations (DGs) to the distribution network (DN) may overcome the above limitations such as reducing power loss and environmental pollution. Therefore, access to DGs at the DN has been widely adopted (Rana et al., 2017; Ali and Qiang, 2018). Nowadays, due to the ability to maximize the use of renewable energy such as wind, solar, wave, hydro, and hydrogen the penetration rate of DGs has increased.