Independent Domination Topology of the Friendship Graph and Its Line Graph

The independent domination topology of a graph is the topology generated by the family of all independent dominating sets of a graph [1]. In this paper, we explored the independent domination topology induced by the friendship graph and its corresponding line graph. Moreover, we established properties of the independent domination topology of the graphs and its cardinality. The results of this study provides a framework for understanding spatial properties of graphs on dierent surfaces, enabling practical applications demonstrated by real-world examples.